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Graph 1: SPL Response |
| This is the
normal full sweep Sound Pressure Level frequency response.
Since LMS measures automatically in absolute dBSPL, no level scaling
or determination of absolute levels is required.
You can measure the sensitivity
of any transducer directly by simply setting the drive level from
the power amp to 1 watt. The curves below show a woofer in
Yellow, a midrange in Red, and a tweeter in Blue. |
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| Application
Graph 2: Impedance Response |
| With LMS,
taking accurate impedance measurements is as easy as connecting
two wires to a speaker. LMS uses a built-in 500 Ohm output resistance
to form a voltage divider with the load.
LMS then automatically resolves
this equation and produces the actual impedance of the load in true
Ohms.
For more accuracy and capability
the VI-Box can be used. This will allow impedance measurements at
any power level. |
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| Application
Graph 3: Time Domain Response |
| By using one
of the processing features, LMS can perform an inverse FFT on any
frequency domain data, and produce a time domain response.
Both Impulse and Step response
curves are generated. LMS has many powerful post processing
functions which allow easy manipulation of curve data.
The step response is shown
below in Red, and the Impulse response in Blue. |
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| Application
Graph 4: Nyquist Plots |
| The scale
system allows almost any data to be displayed on either rectangular
or circular grids. When magnitude/phase data is plotted using
polar coordinates, a Nyquist plot results.
Any LMS data curve can be
displayed in this polar representation. True polar display
is provided for easy viewing of the radial data with either linear,
log, or dB scales. |
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| Application
Graph 5: Gated SPL Response |
| The gating
system in LMS allows for quasi-anechoic measurements to be taken
in any environment.
The adjustment of gate time
parameters prevents reflections from local nearby boundaries from
affecting the measurement. LMS does not produce any erroneous
false data below the gate frequency limit. |
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| Application
Graph 6: Noise Density |
| LMS can also
be used to measure environmental noise vs. frequency using the Bandpass
filters. This type of sweep will indicate where the significant
energy is located.
The effectiveness of isolations
or damping materials can be quantitatively evaluated. Adjustments
and/or improvements can be made. |
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| Application
Graph 7: Rub/Buzz Testing |
| The LMS filters
can also be configured to perform Rub/Buzz type testing very effectively.
By setting both filters as Highpass with a tracking ratio of nominally
7 times the oscillator frequency, the buzzing sounds of a defective
transducer can be measured. Electrical
as well as acoustic R/B setups can be tested.
The curves here show some
defective drivers, and demonstrate that the defects can present
themselves at different frequencies. The Violet shows rubbing
sound at 25Hz, while the Grn and Blue curves rub at much higher
frequencies. |
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| Application
Graph 8: SPL Polar Plots |
| LMS produces
excellent polar plots for viewing the response from all directions
of a transducer or cabinet.
LMS also provides automatic
calculation of the 6dB coverage angle, Q, and the directivity index
DI. Two different methods are available in LMS for generating
the Polar Plot data. |
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| Application
Graph 9: Inductance / Capacitance |
| LMS provides
direct measurement of inductance and/or capacitance vs. frequency.
This mode allows measurement and evaluation of passive crossover
components to determine frequency dependency.
This graph shows a 9mH ferrite
bobbin (Violet), 5mH ferrite bobbin (Blue), 4mH iron bar (Orange),
1.5mH air core (Brown), and a 0.7mH air core (Green). The
rise at low frequencies is due to the DCR of the inductor, and the
fall at high frequencies is due to the shunting capacitance of the
windings and/or the changes in core permeability. |
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| Application
Graph 10: Speaker Excursion |
| This graph
shows an example of measuring the cone excursion of a loudspeaker
tested at 1 Watt.
It was produced by attaching
a lightweight accelerometer to the base of the cone, and then measuring
the acceleration vs. frequency.
The processing features
of LMS where then used to convert this data into velocity, and then
finally excursion. The sharp dip near 50Hz shows the effect
of the port on reducing the cone excursion. |
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